Examinando por Autor "Castillo, Victor R."
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- PublicaciónAcceso abiertoAre nutrition-induced epigenetic changes the link between socioeconomic pathology and cardiovascular diseases?(2008-07) Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio; Silva, Sandra Y.; Rodríguez Salamanca, Narella; Durán Hernández, Álvaro-Hernán; Mosquera, Walter; Castillo, Victor R.The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM 2) is decreasing in developed countries despite the increase in the percentage of subjects with obesity and other wellrecognized cardiovascular risk factors. In contrast, the recent transition of the economic model experienced by developing countries, characterized by the adoption of a Western lifestyle, that we have named ‘‘socioeconomic pathology,’’ has led to an increase in the burden of CVD. It has been demonstrated that conventional cardiovascular risk factors in developed and developing countries are the same. Why then does the population of developing countries currently have a higher incidence of CVD than that of developed countries if they share the same risk factors? We have proposed the existence of a higher susceptibility to the development of systemic inflammation at low levels of abdominal obesity in the population of developing countries and the consequent endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, DM 2, and CVD. In contrast, an important percentage of obese people living in developed countries have a healthy phenotype and low risk of developing CVD and DM 2. Human epidemiologic studies and experimental dietary interventions in animal models have provided considerable evidence to suggest that nutritional imbalance and metabolic disturbances early in life may later have a persistent effect on an adult’s health that may even be transmitted to the next generations. Epigenetic changes dependent on nutrition could be key in this evolutionary health behavior, acting as a buffering system, permitting the adaptation to environmental conditions by silencing or increasing the expression of certain genes.
- PublicaciónRestringidoInter-relationships between body mass index, C-reactive protein and blood pressure in a hispanic pediatric population(2009-05) Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio; Herrera Anaya, Elizabeth; García, Ronald G.; Camacho López, Paul Anthony; Castillo, Victor R.The link between inflammation, obesity, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been described in adult populations but few data are available with respect to children. The aim of this study was to describe the inter-relationships between adiposity, C-reactive protein (CRP) plasma concentrations, and blood pressure levels in a Hispanic pediatric population. Methods We included 325 schoolchildren (mean age, 10.0 years) selected from the school population of Bucaramanga, Colombia. Blood pressure, lipid profile, glucose, and CRP plasma concentration were measured using standard procedures. Body mass index (BMI) was used for evaluating the children’s nutritional condition. Correlation coefficients were calculated for all the variables using Spearman’s test. Results As expected, a positive correlation was found between BMI and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in both genders, and between CRP and SBP levels in boys. After a multivariate regression analysis, the association between adiposity and blood pressure remained significant, whereas the CRP concentrations were no longer associated with SBP. Conclusions The results obtained in our study of Hispanic school-age children show that adiposity is correlated with CRP concentrations and SBP values as has been earlier described in Caucasian populations. However, we failed to find a significant relationship between low-grade inflammation and SBP levels. Further studies are needed in order to explore alternative pathophysiological mechanisms linking obesity and high blood pressure in children and to define the impact of these associations on the cardiovascular risk of our pediatric population.
- PublicaciónRestringidoPatología socioeconómica como causa de las diferencias regionales en las prevalencias de síndrome metabólico e hipertensión inducida por el embarazo(2007-02) Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio; Pradilla, Lina P.; Castillo, Victor R.; Lahera, VicenteLa epidemia de enfermedades cardiovasculares que están experimentando los países del tercer mundo ha suscitado controversias acerca de la posible presencia de diferencias regionales en su etiofisiopatología, las cuales estarían asociadas a factores socioeconómicos. La demostración de estas diferencias es importante, pues significaría la necesidad de realizar distintos enfoques en la prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Algunos datos indican que hay diferencias en los mecanismos etiofisiopatológicos de la hipertensión inducida por el embarazo y del síndrome metabólico en poblaciones de países desarrollados y en vía de desarrollo, así como en el peso específico de los factores de riesgo que determinan la presentación de estas enfermedades. Varias observaciones realizadas en nuestra población indican que el tiempo de exposición a los cambios de hábitos de vida ocasionados por la sociedad consumista (sedentarismo, dieta hipergrasa, hipercalórica) determina una respuesta biológica normal (obesidad, síndrome metabólico, diabetes), la cual aumenta el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Proponemos utilizar el nombre de «patología socioeconómica» para los cambios determinados por la sociedad moderna, con el fin de diferenciarlos de la consideración aislada de «factores socioeconómicos» y «factores de riesgo», pues consideramos que la interacción entre ellos es la causa más importante del aumento acelerado en la incidencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares observado en los últimos años en los países en vías de desarrollo.
- PublicaciónAcceso abiertoThe presence of abdominal obesity is associated with changes in vascular function independently of other cardiovascular risk factors(2010) Rueda Clausen, Christian F.; Lahera, Vicente; Calderón, Jaime; Bolivar, Isabel Cristina; Castillo, Victor R.; Gutiérrez, Melquisedec; Carreño, Marisol; Oubiña, Maria del Pilar; Cachofeiro, Victoria; Lopez-Jaramillo, PatricioBackground: Because of the strong association between abdominal obesity (AO) and other cardiovascular risk factors, it has been difficult to determine which changes in vascular function are directly related to this condition. Our objective was to evaluate the changes in ex-vivo vascular reactivity, circulating levels of adipokines and inflammatory markers associated with the presence of AO in subjects who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) controlling by the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: Subjects scheduled for a CABG with (n=17) and without (n=17) AO (defined as a waist circumference ≥90 cm for male or ≥80 cm for female) whom were matched by several cardiovascular risk factors, were included in the study. Lipid profile and plasma levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin and inflammatory markers were measured. Internal mammary artery segments were used for ex-vivo vascular reactivity experiments and morphometry. Results: Leptin concentrations were higher and adiponectin concentrations were lower in subjects with AO. No differences were observed in other biochemical or clinical parameters between the groups. No correlation between waist circumference, HOMA index and inflammatory markers were observed. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine was lower, and contractile responses to angiotensin-II were higher in subjects with AO. These changes were not related to differences in vascular morphometry. Conclusion: In subjects with severe coronary disease, the presence of AO was associated with leptin/adiponectin imbalance, decreased endothelium-dependent relaxation and an enhanced response to angiotensin-II. These changes occurred independently of other cardiovascular risk factors including insulin resistance and levels of inflammatory markers.