Examinando por Autor "Duque Díaz, Ewing Rafael"

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  • Publicación
    Acceso abierto
    Distribution of somatostatin-28 (1-12), calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P in the squirrel monkey brainstem : An immunocytochemical study
    (2019-01) Duque Díaz, Ewing Rafael; Coveñas, Rafael
    Using an immunocytochemical technique, we have studied the distribution of fibers and cell bodies containing somatostatin-28 (1-12) [SOM-28 (1-12)], calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP) in the brainstem of Saimiri sciureus. The distribution of the peptidergic cell bodies was very restricted: perikarya containing SOM-28 (1-12) were only observed in the substantia grisea centralis, while no immunoreactive cell bodies containing CGRP or SP were visualized. Fibers containing SOM-28 (1-12), CGRP, or SP were widely distributed in the brainstem: immunoreactive fibers containing SOM-28 (1-12) showed the most widespread distribution and were the most abundant. The distribution of SOM-28 (1-12)-, CGRP- or SP-immunoreactive fibers was very similar. Colocalization of immunoreactive fibers containing SOM-28 (1-12), CGRP or SP was observed in many brainstem nuclei. A neuroanatomical relationship between CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive fibers was observed, although this relationship was less marked for SOM-28 (1-12) and SP and lower still for SOM-28 (1-12) and CGRP. The widespread distribution of the peptidergic fibers suggests that the studied neuropeptides are involved in many physiological actions.
  • Publicación
    Acceso abierto
    Enkephalins and ACTH in the mammalian nervous system
    (2019-06-14) Duque Díaz, Ewing Rafael; Alvarez Ojeda, Olga; Coveñas, Rafael
    The pentapeptides methionine-enkephalin and leucine-enkephalin belong to the opioid family of peptides, and the non-opiate peptide adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) to the melanocortin peptide family. Enkephalins/ACTH are derived from pro-enkephalin, pro-dynorphin or pro-opiomelanocortin precursors and, via opioid and melanocortin receptors, are responsible for many biological activities. Enkephalins exhibit the highest affinity for the δ receptor, followed by the μ and κ receptors, whereas ACTH binds to the five subtypes of melanocortin receptor, and is the only member of the melanocortin family of peptides that binds to the melanocortin-receptor 2 (ACTH receptor). Enkephalins/ACTH and their receptors exhibit a widespread anatomical distribution. Enkephalins are involved in analgesia, angiogenesis, blood pressure, embryonic development, emotional behavior, feeding, hypoxia, limbic system modulation, neuroprotection, peristalsis, and wound repair; as well as in hepatoprotective, motor, neuroendocrine and respiratory mechanisms. ACTH plays a role in acetylcholine release, aggressive behavior, blood pressure, bone maintenance, hyperalgesia, feeding, fever, grooming, learning, lipolysis, memory, nerve injury repair, neuroprotection, sexual behavior, sleep, social behavior, tissue growth and stimulates the synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoids. Enkephalins/ACTH are also involved in many pathologies. Enkephalins are implicated in alcoholism, cancer, colitis, depression, heart failure, Huntington's disease, influenza A virus infection, ischemia, multiple sclerosis, and stress. ACTH plays a role in Addison's disease, alcoholism, cancer, Cushing's disease, dermatitis, encephalitis, epilepsy, Graves' disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome, multiple sclerosis, podocytopathies, and stress. In this review, we provide an updated description of the enkephalinergic and ACTH systems.
  • Publicación
    Acceso abierto
    Mapping of enkephalins and adrenocorticotropic hormone in the squirrel monkey brainstem
    (2017-03) Duque Díaz, Ewing Rafael; Díaz-Cabiale, Zaida; Narváez, José Angel; Coveñas, Rafael
    An immunocytochemical technique has been used to study for the first time the distribution of fibers and cell bodies containing leucine-enkephalin (leu-enk), methionine-enkephalin (met-enk) or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the whole brainstem of the squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus. Cell bodies containing leu-enk or met-enk were found in the superior colliculus and the formatio reticularis tegmenti mesencephali, respectively. No immunoreactive cell bodies containing ACTH were observed. Leu-enk-immunoreactive fibers were observed in 40 brainstem nuclei/tracts/regions, fibers containing met-enk were found in 38 brainstem nuclei/tracts/regions and fibers containing ACTH were found in 26 nuclei/tracts/regions. In the latter case, the density of immunoreactive fibers was always low. A high/moderate density of leu-enk- or met-enk-immunoreactive fibers were found in 18 and 16 brainstem nuclei/tracts/regions, respectively. The distribution of immunoreactive fibers containing leu-enk or met-enk was quite similar, with both leu-enk and met-enk observed in 82.5 % of the squirrel monkey brainstem nuclei/tracts/regions. This relationship is less marked for met-enk and ACTH (60.5 %) and even lower for leu-enk and ACTH (52.5 %). In 42.5 % of the nuclei/tracts/regions of the squirrel monkey brainstem (colliculus superior, substantia grisea centralis, nucleus interpeduncularis, nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini, nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus parabrachialis, formatio reticularis, substantia nigra), we observed fibers containing all three neuropeptides. The widespread distribution reported here suggests that enkephalins and ACTH can be involved in several physiological functions. The distribution of the immunoreactive fibers reported here is quite similar to that previously reported for enkephalins and ACTH in Macaca species and humans.
  • Publicación
    Acceso abierto
    Neuropeptides in the human brainstem
    (2018) Duque Díaz, Ewing Rafael; Martínez Rangel, Diana; Ruiz Roa, Silvia
    The physiological importance of the brainstem has made it one of the most studied structures of the central nervous system of mammals (in-cluding human). This structure receives somatic and visceral inputs and its neurons send motor efferences by means of the cranial nerves, which innervate the head, neck and sensory organs, and it mediates in several actions such as movement, pain, cardiovascular, respiratory, salivary, sleep, vigil and sexual mechanisms. Most of these actions are mediated by neuroactive substances denominated neuropeptides, which are short amino acid chains widespread dis- tributed in the nervous system, that play a role in neurotransmission, neuro- modulation (paracrine and autocrine actions), and act as neurohormones. In- creased study of these substances has taken place since the 1980s to shed light on both their potential role and the way that they mediate in the organism’s different activities. Thus, our aim is a detailed review of available morphologic and physiologic data regarding some neuropeptides in the human brainstem. To such end, we will discuss aspects like: 1) the distribution of neuropeptides in the human brainstem; 2) their possible physiological actions in the human brainstem; 3) neuropeptide coexistences in the human brainstem; and 4) fu- ture research in neuropeptides in the human brainstem.
  • Publicación
    Acceso abierto
    Neuropéptidos en el encéfalo humano
    (2015-08) Duque Díaz, Ewing Rafael; Rita Gáfaro, Claudia G.; Bermúdez Echeverry, Marcela
    Los estudios en el encéfalo humano se han realizado con el fin de responder a varias preguntas de carácter científico relacionados con la neuroanatomía, neurofisiología, neurofarmacología, la neurología y la conducta. El encéfalo es el órgano en el que se encuentra la regulación de los reflejos y los mecanismos inconscientes como la transmisión del dolor, los cardiovasculares, los respiratorios, entre otros. Estos mecanismos están mediados por sustancias químicas tales como los neuropéptidos, que son cadenas cortas de aminoácidos que se han encontrado ampliamente distribuidos en el sistema nervioso central y periférico, además de ejercer acciones fisiológicas actuando como neurotransmisores, neuromoduladores (acciones paracrinas y autocrinas) y neurohormonas. En los últimos treinta años se ha incrementado el conocimiento sobre la distribución y función de los neuropéptidos en el sistema nervioso central de mamíferos (ratas, gatos, perros, alpacas, primates y humanos). Así, el objetivo de esta revisión se dirige a describir los datos más relevantes disponibles sobre los neuropéptidos en el encéfalo humano. Para ello se revisan aspectos importantes de los neuropéptidos en el encéfalo humano como: a) La distribución, b) Las relaciones anatómicas, c) Las funciones fisiológicas, d) La coexistencia, y e) Las investigaciones futuras a realizar.