Publicación:
Caracterización genotípica y fenotípica de cepas emergentes de Escherichia coli aisladas de niños con diarrea en Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana, Colombia.

Página de artículo simple
dc.contributor.authorArias Guerrero, Monica Y.spa
dc.contributor.corporatenameGómez Duarte, Oscar Gilbertospa
dc.contributor.corporatenameFarfán García, Ana Elviraspa
dc.date.accessioned2018-11-22T19:50:29Zspa
dc.date.available2018-11-22T19:50:29Zspa
dc.date.issued2016-10-21spa
dc.description128 p. Cdspa
dc.description.abstractAcute diarrheal disease (ADD) remains a major public health problems in developing countries. Among the infectious agents that cause this disease are bacteria, viruses and parasites. Bacterial agents take second place enteropathogenic Escherichia coli standing out among the most important. Currently, six strains with different pathogenic mechanisms are associated with diarrhea enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), shiga-toxin producing (STEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteroinvasive (EIEC), Enteroaggregative (EAEC) and diffusely adherent (DAEC), each with a specific set of virulence genes. However, there have been outbreaks of ADD caused by E. coli strains different from the known pathotypes, called emerging strains. These outbreaks have been reported in Germany, Europe, Argentina and recently in Cartagena, Colombia, suggesting that these strains circulating our environment, so it is necessary to characterize these emerging strains. Objective: To characterize genotypically and phenotypically two emerging strains of E. coli isolated from diarrheal samples in children under five in Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area, Colombia. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted at the genetic and phenotypic two emerging strains previously isolated from a case-control study conducted between July 2013 and December 2014 in Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area. In this study, two emerging strains were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic different methods like MLST analysis, virulence gene sequencing, serotyping, biofilm formation, actin polymerization, adhesion tests and antimicrobial susceptibility. Results: genotypically and phenotypically characterized two emerging strains of E. coli mixed genotype. The first one enteropathogenic E coli enteroaggregative-mixed based on its genotype and phenotype of adhesion assays in HeLa cells and the second a strain of enterotoxigenic E. coli enteroaggregative-mixed based on its genotype and expression of LT. Keywords: Diarrhea, Escherichia coli, pathotypes, emerging, Colombia.eng
dc.description.abstractLa enfermedad diarreica aguda (EDA) sigue siendo uno de los principales problemás en salud pública en países en desarrollo. Dentro de los agentes infecciosos que causan esta enfermedad se encuentran bacterias, virus y parásitos. Los agentes bacterianos ocupan un segundo lugar destacándose Escherichia coli enteropatógena entre las más importantes. Actualmente, seis cepas con diferentes mecanismos de patogenicidad están asociados a diarrea E. coli enteropatógena (EPEC), productora de toxina-shiga (STEC), enterotoxigénica (ETEC), enteroinvasiva (EIEC), enteroagregativa (EAEC) y adherente difusa (DAEC), cada una con un set específico de genes de virulencia. No obstante, se han reportado brotes de EDA ocasionados por cepas de E. coli diferentes a los patotipos conocidos, denominadas cepas emergentes. Estos brotes han sido reportados en Alemania, Europa, Argentina y recientemente en Cartagena, Colombia, lo que sugiere que en nuestro medio circulan estas cepas, por lo que se hace necesario caracterizar estas cepas emergentes. Objetivo: Caracterizar genotípicamente y fenotípicamente dos cepas emergentes de E. coli aisladas de muestras diarreicas en niños menores de cinco años en Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana, Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo a nivel genético y fenotípico de dos cepas emergentes previamente aisladas de un estudio de casos y controles realizado entre julio del 2013 y diciembre del 2014 en Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana. En este estudio, dos cepas emergentes fueron caracterizadas fenotípica y genotípicamente mediante diferentes métodos como análisis de MLST, secuenciación de genes de virulencia, serotipificación, formación de biofilm, polimerización de actina, ensayos de adhesión y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. Resultados: Se caracterizaron genotípicamente y fenotípicamente dos cepas emergentes con genotipo mixto de E. coli. La primera una E coli enteroagregativa-enteropatogena con base en su genotipo mixto y el fenotipo de ensayos de adherencia en células HeLa y la segunda una cepa de E. coli enteroagregativa-enterotoxigenica con base en su genotipo mixto y la expresión de LT. Palabras claves: Diarrea, Escherichia coli, patotipos, emergentes, Colombia.spa
dc.description.degreelevelMaestríaspa
dc.description.degreenameMagister en Investigación en enfermedades Infecciosasspa
dc.description.tableofcontentsTABLA DE CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………... 15 1. MARCO TEÓRICO……………………………………………………………… 18 1.1. Enfermedad Diarreica Aguda (EDA)……………………………... 18 1.2. Escherichia coli………………………………………………………….. 18 1.3. Patotipos de E. coli………………………………………………………. 21 1.3.1. E. coli enterotoxigénica (ETEC)………………………………... 21 1.3.1.1. Mecanismo de acción……………………………………….22 1.3.1.2. Epidemiología……………………………………………… 23 1.3.2. E. coli enteropatógena (EPEC)…………………………………. 23 1.3.2.1. Factores de virulencia……………………………………… 24 1.3.2.2. Mecanismo de acción……………………………………….25 1.3.2.3. Epidemiología……………………………………………… 29 1.3.3. Escherichia coli enteroagregativa (EAEC)……………………... 30 1.3.3.1. Factores de virulencia……………………………………… 30 1.3.3.2. Mecanismos de acción……………………………………... 31 1.3.3.3. Epidemiología……………………………………………… 33 1.3.4. Escherichia coli productora de toxina Shiga (STEC)…………... 33 1.3.4.1. Factores de virulencia……………………………………… 34 1.3.4.2. Mecanismo de patogenicidad……………………………….35 1.3.4.3. Epidemiología……………………………………………… 37 1.3.5. Escherichia coli enteroinvasiva (EIEC)………………………… 38 1.3.5.1. Factores de virulencia……………………………………… 38 1.3.5.2. Mecanismo de acción……………………………………….39 1.3.5.3. Epidemiología……………………………………………… 41 1.3.6. Escherichia coli de adherencia difusa (DAEC)………………… 41 1.3.6.1. Mecanismo de acción……………………………………… 42 1.3.6.2. Epidemiología……………………………………………… 43 1.4. Escherichia coli emergente……………………………………….. 43 1.5. Marcadores diagnósticos…………………………………………...45 1.5.1. Marcadores genotípicos………………………………………… 45 1.5.1.1. Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR)………………. 45 1.5.1.2. Polimorfismos de longitud de fragmentos de restricción (RFLP)…...........45 1.5.1.3. Análisis de Enzimás de restricción (REA)………………… 46 1.5.1.4. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST)………………………. 46 1.5.2. Marcadores fenotípicos…………………………………………. 47 1.5.2.1. Serotipado………………………………………………….. 47 1.5.2.2. Ensayos de adhesión celular……………………………….. 47 1.5.2.3. Formación de biopelículas…………………………………. 48 1.5.2.4. Susceptibilidad antimicrobiana…………………………….. 48 1.5.2.5. FAS (Tinción fluorescente para actina)……………………. 49 2. OBJETIVOS……………………………………………………………... 50 2.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL…………………………………………… 50 2.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS…………………………...………… 50 3. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS………………………………………..…. 51 3.1. Tipo de estudio……………………………………………………. 51 3.2. Área geográfica……………………………………………………. 51 3.3. Universo…………………………………………………………… 51 3.4. Población………………………………………………………….. 51 3.5. Muestra biológica…………………………………………………. 51 3.6. Procedimientos……………………………………………………. 51 3.6.1. Caracterización genotípica de cepas emergentes de E. coli…... 52 3.6.1.1. Extracción de material genómico………………………….. 52 3.6.1.2. PCR multiplex……………………………………………... 53 3.6.1.3. Ensayo de estabilidad genética…………………………… 54 3.6.1.5. Identificación del gen uidA………………………………. 54 3.6.1.6. PCR convencional para la identificación de genes específicos de cada uno de los patotipos de las cepas emergentes………………………………………………………. 55 3.6.1.6.1. Genes de EPEC………………………………………………………… 55 3.6.1.6.2. Genes de EAEC………………………………………………………… 55 3.6.1.6.3. Genes de ETEC………………………………………………………….56 3.6.1.7. Secuenciación de genes de virulencia……………………… 58 3.6.1.8. Multi- Locus Sequence Typing (MLST)…………………... 59 3.6.1.9. Árbol filogenético del MLST……………………………… 60 3.6.2. Caracterización fenotípica de cepas emergentes de E. coli…… 60 3.6.2.1. Serotipificación……………………………………………. 60 3.6.2.2. Formación de Biofilm……………………………………… 60 3.6.2.3. Ensayos de adhesión……………………………………….. 61 3.6.2.4. Ensayos de Polimerización de Actina……………………… 61 3.6.2.5. Test de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana…………………….. 62 3.6.3. Análisis de datos………………………………………………... 63 4. RESULTADOS………………………………………………………….. 64 4.1. Caracterización de la cepa EAEC-ETEC…………………………. 64 4.1.1. Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de voluntario portador De cepa emergente………64 4.1.2. Caracterización genotípica……………………………………… 64 4.1.2.3. PCR convencional para la identificación de genes característicos de los patotipos…… 65 4.1.2.4. Secuenciación genes de virulencia………………………… 66 4.1.2.5. MLST……………………………………………………… 67 4.1.2.6. Árbol filogenético del MLST……………………………… 67 4.1.3. Caracterización fenotípica……………………………………… 68 4.1.3.1. Serotipificación……………………………………………. 69 4.1.3.2. Formación de Biofilm……………………………………… 69 4.1.3.3. Ensayo de Adhesión……………………………………….. 70 4.1.3.4. Susceptibilidad Antimicrobiana……………………………. 70 4.2. Caracterizacion de la Cepa EAEC-EPEC E2_430………………... 72 4.2.1. Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de voluntario portador de cepa emergente……………………………………………… 72 4.2.2. Caracterización genotípica……………………………………… 72 4.2.2.2. Ensayo de estabilidad genética…………………………….. 73 4.2.2.3. PCR convencional para la identificación de genes característicos de los patotipos…………73 4.2.2.4. Secuenciación de genes de virulencia……………………… 74 4.2.2.5. MLST………………………………………………………. 75 4.2.2.6. Árbol filogenético del MLST……………………………… 75 4.2.3. Caracterización fenotípica………………………………………. 77 4.2.3.1. Serotipificación…………………………………………….. 77 4.2.3.2. Formación de Biofilm……………………………………… 77 4.2.3.3. Ensayo de adhesión………………………………………… 78 4.2.3.4. Ensayo de polimerización de actina………………………...79 4.2.3.5. Susceptibilidad antimicrobiana…………………………….. 81 5. DISCUSIÓN……………………………………………………………... 83 6. CONCLUSIONES……………………………………………………….. 89 7. RECOMENDACIONES…………………………………………………. 90 8. REFERENCIAS…………………………………………………………….. 91 8. ANEXOS…………………………………………………………………...104spa
dc.description.versionEj. 1spa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.localT 86.16 A741cspa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.udes.edu.co/handle/001/631spa
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisherBucaramanga : Universidad de Santander, 2016spa
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad Ciencias de la Saludspa
dc.publisher.programMaestría en Investigación en enfermedades Infecciosasspa
dc.relation.referencesAli, M. M., Ahmed, S. F., Klena, J. D., Mohamed, Z. K., Moussa, T. A., & Ghenghesh, K. S. (2014). Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in diarrheic children in Egypt: molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility. J Infect Dev Ctries, 8(5), 589-596.spa
dc.relation.referencesAraujo, J. M., Tabarelli, G. F., Aranda, K. R., Fabbricotti, S. H., Fagundes-Neto, U., Mendes, C. M., & Scaletsky, I. C. (2007). Typical enteroaggregative and atypical enteropathogenic types of Escherichia coli are the most prevalent diarrhea-associated pathotypes among Brazilian children. J Clin Microbiol, 45(10), 3396-3399.spa
dc.relation.referencesAslani, M. M., & Alikhani, M. Y. (2011). Molecular and phenotypic characterization of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotypes isolated from children with and without diarrhea. J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 44(1), 27-32.spa
dc.relation.referencesAslani, M. M., Alikhani, M. Y., Zavari, A., Yousefi, R., & Zamani, A. R. (2011). Characterization of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) clinical isolates and their antibiotic resistance pattern. Int J Infect Dis, 15(2), e136-139.spa
dc.relation.referencesBenevides-Matos, N., Pieri, F. A., Penatti, M., & Orlandi, P. P. (2015). Adherence and virulence genes of Escherichia coli from children diarrhoea in the Brazilian Amazon. Braz J Microbiol, 46(1), 131-137.spa
dc.relation.referencesBhargava, S., Johnson, B. B., Hwang, J., Harris, T. A., George, A. S., Muir, A., . . . Okeke, I. N. (2009). Heat-resistant agglutinin 1 is an accessory enteroaggregative Escherichia coli colonization factor. J Bacteriol, 191(15), 4934-4942.spa
dc.relation.referencesBlack, R. E., Cousens, S., Johnson, H. L., Lawn, J. E., Rudan, I., Bassani, D. G., . . . Unicef. (2010). Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet, 375(9730), 1969-1987.spa
dc.relation.referencesBlanco, M., Blanco, J. E., Dahbi, G., Mora, A., Alonso, M. P., Varela, G., . . . Blanco, J. (2006). Typing of intimin (eae) genes from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) isolated from children with diarrhoea in Montevideo, Uruguay: identification of two novel intimin variants (muB and xiR/beta2B). J Med Microbiol, 55(Pt 9), 1165-1174spa
dc.relation.referencesBloch, S. K., Felczylowska, A & Nejman-Falenczyk. (2012). Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak- have we learnt a lesson from it?. Biochimica Polonica. 59 (4), 483-488.spa
dc.relation.referencesBoisen, N., Scheutz, F., Rasko, D. A., Redman, J. C., Persson, S., Simon, J., . . . Nataro, J. P. (2012). Genomic characterization of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli from children in Mali. J Infect Dis, 205(3), 431-444.spa
dc.relation.referencesBonyadian, M., Moshtaghi, H., & Akhavan Taheri, M. (2014). Molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of enterotoxigenic and entero-aggregative Escherichia coli isolated from raw milk and unpasteurized cheeses. Vet Res Forum, 5(1), 29-34.spa
dc.relation.referencesRiveros, M., Barletta, F., Cabello, M., Durand, D., Mercado, E. K., Contreras, C. Rivera, F. P., Mosquito, S., Lluque, A., Ochoa, T. E. (2011). Patrones de adherencia de cepas de Escherichia coli difusamente adherente (DAEC) provenientes de niños con y sin diarrea. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Pública; 28(1): 21-28.spa
dc.relation.referencesRodriguez-Angeles, G. (2002). Principales caracteristicas y diagnostico de los grupos patogenos de Eschericha coli. Salud publica de mexico, 44 (5), 464 - 475.spa
dc.relation.referencesRohde, H., Qin, J., Cui, Y., Li, D., Loman, N. J., Hentschke, M., . . . Consortium, E. c. O. H. G. A. C.-S. (2011). Open-source genomic analysis of Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli O104:H4. N Engl J Med, 365(8), 718-724.spa
dc.relation.referencesRozo, C., & Dussán, J. (2010). Análisis de transferencia horizontal de genes en ensayos de biorremediación con grasas recalcitrantes. Rev. Colombiana de Biotecnologia, 12 (1), 1-9.spa
dc.relation.referencesRugeles, L. C., Bai, J., Martinez, A. J., Vanegas, M. C., & Gomez-Duarte, O. G. (2010). Molecular characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains from stools samples and food products in Colombia. Int J Food Microbiol, 138(3), 282-286.spa
dc.relation.referencesRuggenenti, P., & Remuzzi, G. (2011). A German outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet, 378(9796), 1057-1058.spa
dc.relation.referencesSansonetti, P. J. (2001). Rupture, invasion and inflammatory destruction of the intestinal barrier by Shigella, making sense of prokaryote-eukaryote cross-talks. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 25(1), 3-14.spa
dc.relation.referencesScaletsky, I. C., Aranda, K. R., Souza, T. B., & Silva, N. P. (2010). Adherence factors in atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains expressing the localized adherence-like pattern in HEp-2 cells. J Clin Microbiol, 48(1), 302-306.spa
dc.relation.referencesScaletsky, I. C., Silva, M. L., Toledo, M. R., Davis, B. R., Blake, P. A., & Trabulsi, L. R. (1985). Correlation between adherence to HeLa cells and serogroups, serotypes, and bioserotypes of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun, 49(3), 528-532.spa
dc.relation.referencesScheutz, F. & Strockbine, N.A. (2005). Genus I. Escherichia. In: Brenner, D.J., et al. (Eds.) The Protebacteria Part B The Gammaproteobacteria. Springer 2 (Part B) 607-623.spa
dc.relation.referencesWorld Health Organization. (2016). Enfermedades diarreicas. Nota descriptica No. 330 del 2013.spa
dc.relation.referencesScheutz, F., Nielsen, E. M., Frimodt-Moller, J., Boisen, N., Morabito, S., Tozzoli, R., . . . Caprioli, A. (2011). Characteristics of the enteroaggregative Shiga toxin/verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 strain causing the outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Germany, May to June 2011. Euro Surveill, 16(24).spa
dc.relation.referencesBoschi-Pinto C, Velebit L, Shibuya K. (2008). Estimating child mortality due to diarrhoea in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 86(9):710–717.spa
dc.relation.referencesSchroeder, G. N., & Hilbi, H. (2008). Molecular pathogenesis of Shigella spp.: controlling host cell signaling, invasion, and death by type III secretion. Clin Microbiol Rev, 21(1), 134-156.spa
dc.relation.referencesSears, C. L., & Kaper, J. B. (1996). Enteric bacterial toxins: Mecahanisms of action and linkage to intestinal secretion. Microbiological reviews, 60 (1), 167–215.spa
dc.relation.referencesSnelling, A. M., Macfarlane-Smith, L. R., Fletcher, J. N., & Okeke, I. N. (2009). The commonly-used DNA probe for diffusely-adherent Escherichia coli cross-reacts with a subset of enteroaggregative E. coli. BMC Microbiol, 9, 269.spa
dc.relation.referencesSoto-Guzmán, J. E., & González-Pedrajo, B. (2014). The injectisome of pathogen bacteria: Two stories of a molecular dispositive. Universidad de México. Mensaje Bioquímico No 49, 65-84.spa
dc.relation.referencesSousa, C. P. (2006). The versatile strategies of Escherichia coli pathotypes: a mini review. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis. 12 (3), 363-373.spa
dc.relation.referencesTalukdar, P. K., Rahman, M., Rahman, M., Nabi, A., Islam, Z., Hoque, M. M., . . . Islam, M. A. (2013). Antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and genetic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates from household water supply in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS One, 8(4), e61090.spa
dc.relation.referencesTarr, P. I., Gordon, C. A., & Chandler, W. L. (2005). Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet, 365(9464), 1073-1086.spa
dc.relation.referencesVally, H., Hall, G., Dyda, A., Raupach, J., Knope, K., Combs, B., & Desmarchelier, P. (2012). Epidemiology of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in Australia, 2000-2010. BMC Public Health, 12, 63.spa
dc.relation.referencesZamboni, A., Fabbricotti, S. H., Fagundes-Neto, U., & Scaletsky, I. C. (2004). Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli virulence factors are found to be associated with infantile diarrhea in Brazil. J Clin Microbiol, 42(3), 1058-1063.spa
dc.relation.referencesVarela, G., Jasinski, C., Gadea, P., Tanzi, M. N., Mota, M. I., Arenas, C., Pardo, L., Gonzáles, B. S., González, G., Sirok, A., Schelotto, F. (2007). Escherichia coli enteropatógeno clásico (EPEC) asociado a casos de diarrea en niños usuarios del Hospital Pereira Rossell. Aspectos clínicos y características de las cepas involucradas. Rev Med Urug, 23,153-163.spa
dc.relation.referencesVarela, G., Chinen, I., Gadea, P., Milliwebsky, E., Mota, M.I., González, S., González, G., Gugliada, M.J., Carbonari; C.C., Algorta, G., Bernadá, M., Sabelli, R., Pardo, L., Rivas, M., Schelotto, F. (2008). Detección y caracterización de Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga a partir de casos clínicos y de alimentos en Uruguay. Revista Argentina de Microbiología 40: 93-100spa
dc.relation.referencesBrisse, S., Diancourt, L., Laouenan, C., Vigan, M., Caro, V., Arlet, G., . . . Coli beta Study, G. (2012). Phylogenetic distribution of CTX-M- and non-extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates: group B2 isolates, except clone ST131, rarely produce CTX-M enzymes. J Clin Microbiol, 50(9), 2974-2981.spa
dc.relation.referencesVàsquez, J. A., & Berròn, S. (2003). Multilocus sequence typing: el marcador molecular de la era de Internet. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 22(2), 113-20spa
dc.relation.referencesVial, P. A., Mathewson, J. J., DuPont, H. L., Guers, L., & Levine, M. M. (1990). Comparison of two assay methods for patterns of adherence to HEp-2 cells of Escherichia coli from patients with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol, 28(5), 882-885.spa
dc.relation.referencesVidal, J. E., Canizales-Roman, A., Gutierrez-Jimenez., J., Navarro-Garcia, F. (2007). Patogénesis molecular, epidemiologia y diagnóstico de Escherichia coli enteropatógena. Salu publica de mexico. 49 (5), 376 – 386.spa
dc.relation.referencesVidales R, L. E., Miranda D, P., Franco, D. S., Sanchez R, S. H., Ramirez S, R. M. (2014). Los patrones de adherencia de Escherichia coli patogénica aviar y E. coli patogénica de humanos a células epiteliales en cultivo son similares. MedPub Journals. 10, 1-21.spa
dc.relation.referencesVieria, N., Bates, S. J., Solberg, O. D., Ponce, K., Howsmon, R., Cevallos, W., Trueba, G., Riley, L., Eisenberg, J.N.S. (2007). High prevalence of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli isolated in a remote región of northern coastal ecuador. Am. J. Trop Med Hyg, 76 (3), 528-533.spa
dc.relation.referencesWorld Health Organization. (2011). E. coli enterohemorragica (EHEC). Nota descriptiva No 125.spa
dc.relation.referencesWorld Health Organization. (2013). Temas de salud. Diarrea.spa
dc.relation.referencesZhang, W., Robertson, D. C., Zhang, C., Bai, W., Zhao, M., & Francis, D. H. (2008). Escherichia coli constructs expressing human or porcine enterotoxins induce identical diarrheal diseases in a piglet infection model. Appl Environ Microbiol, 74(18), 5832-5837.spa
dc.relation.referencesBryce, J., Boschi-Pinto, C., Shibuya, K., Black, R. E., & Group, W. H. O. C. H. E. R. (2005). WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet, 365(9465), 1147-1152.spa
dc.relation.referencesBrzuszkiewicz, E., Thurmer, A., Schuldes, J., Leimbach, A., Liesegang, H., Meyer, F. D., . . . Daniel, R. (2011). Genome sequence analyses of two isolates from the recent Escherichia coli outbreak in Germany reveal the emergence of a new pathotype: Entero-Aggregative-Haemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EAHEC). Arch Microbiol, 193(12), 883-891.spa
dc.relation.referencesBuchholz, U., Bernard, H., Werber, D., Bohmer, M. M., Remschmidt, C., Wilking, H., . . . Kuhne, M. (2011). German outbreak of Escherichia coli O104:H4 associated with sprouts. N Engl J Med, 365(19), 1763-1770.spa
dc.relation.referencesByrne, L., Jenkins, C., Launders, N., Elson, R., & Adak, G. K. (2015). The epidemiology, microbiology and clinical impact of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in England, 2009-2012. Epidemiol Infect, 143(16), 3475-3487.spa
dc.relation.referencesCarbonari, C. C., Deza, N., Flores, M., Gasparini, A., Manfredi, E., & Rivas, M. (2014). First isolation of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli O104:H4 from a diarrhea case in Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol, 46(4), 302-306.spa
dc.relation.referencesCaugant, D. A. (2009). Molecular Epidemiology of Microorganisms. Methods in Molecular Biology, (Vol. 551, pp. 1-312). New York: Springer Science.spa
dc.relation.referencesCerna, J. F., Nataro, J. P., & Estrada-Garcia, T. (2003). Multiplex PCR for detection of three plasmid-borne genes of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains. J Clin Microbiol, 41(5), 2138-2140.spa
dc.relation.referencesFernàndez C, F., Lòpez C, L., Pascual H, A. (2013). Tecnicas de tipificación molecular para la vigilancia y control de la infección. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin; 31(Supl 1), 20-25.spa
dc.relation.referencesChattaway, M. A., Dallman, T., Okeke, I. N., & Wain, J. (2011). Enteroaggregative E. coli O104 from an outbreak of HUS in Germany 2011, could it happen again? J Infect Dev Ctries, 5(6), 425-436.spa
dc.relation.referencesClarke, S. C., Haigh, R. D., Freestone, P. P., & Williams, P. H. (2003). Virulence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, a global pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev, 16(3), 365-378.spa
dc.relation.referencesCleary, J., Lai, L-C., Shaw, R. K., Straatman-lwanowska, A., Donnenberg M. S., Frankel, G., Knutton, S. (2004). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) adhesion to intestinal pithelial cells: role of bundle-forming pili (BFP), EspA filaments and intimin. Microbiology, 150, 27–538.spa
dc.relation.referencesClements, A., Young, J. C., Constantinou, N., & Frankel, G. (2012). Infection strategies of enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Gut Microbes, 3(2), 71-87.spa
dc.relation.referencesColl, P., Coque, M. T., Dominguez, M. A., Vàsquez, J., Vila, J. (2005). Metodos moleculares de tipificación epidemiológica en bacteriología. Sociedad española de enfermedades infecciosas y microbiología clínica.spa
dc.relation.referencesCravioto, A., Gross, R. J., Scotland, S. M., Rowe, B. (1979). An adhesive factor found in strains of Escherichia coli belonging to the traditional infantile enteropathogenic serotypes. Current Microbiology, Vol. 3, 95-99.spa
dc.relation.referencesCreuzburg, K., & Schmidt, H. (2007). Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and their bacteriophages as a model for the analysis of virulence and stress response of a food-borne pathogen. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 120(7-8), 288-295.spa
dc.relation.referencesCroxen, M. A., & Finlay, B. B. (2010). Molecular mechanisms of Escherichia coli pathogenicity. Nat Rev Microbiol, 8(1), 26-38.spa
dc.relation.referencesCroxen, M. A., Law, R. J., Scholz, R., Keeney, K. M., Wlodarska, M., & Finlay, B. B. (2013). Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev, 26(4), 822-880spa
dc.relation.referencesCruz-Cordova, A., Espinosa-Mazariego, K., Ochoa, S. A., Saldana, Z., Rodea, G. E., Cazares-Dominguez, V., . . . Xicohtencatl-Cortes, J. (2014). CS21 positive multidrug-resistant ETEC clinical isolates from children with diarrhea are associated with self-aggregation, and adherence. Front Microbiol, 5, 709.spa
dc.relation.referencesGarmendia, J., Frankel, G., & Crepin, V. F. (2005). Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections: translocation, translocation, translocation. Infect Immun, 73(5), 2573-2585.spa
dc.relation.referencesDanese, P. N., Pratt, L. A., Dove, S. L., & Kolter, R. (2000). The outer membrane protein, antigen 43, mediates cell-to-cell interactions within Escherichia coli biofilms. Mol Microbiol, 37(2), 424-432.spa
dc.relation.referencesDas, J. K., Tripathi, A., Ali, A., Hassan, A., Dojosoeandy, C., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2013). Vaccines for the prevention of diarrhea due to cholera, shigella, ETEC and rotavirus. BMC Public Health, 13 Suppl 3, S11.spa
dc.relation.referencesDean, P., & Kenny, B. (2009). The effector repertoire of enteropathogenic E. coli: ganging up on the host cell. Curr Opin Microbiol, 12(1), 101-109.spa
dc.relation.referencesDonnenber M. (2010). Las infecciones por E. coli y otros bacilos gramnegativos entéricos. Medicina ACP. 1-10.spa
dc.relation.referencesDuguid, J. P., Clegg, S., & Wilson, M. I. (1979). The fimbrial and non-fimbrial haemagglutinins of Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol, 12(2), 213-227.spa
dc.relation.referencesEguiarte, L., Souza, V., Aguirre, X. (2007). Breve revision de los Marcadores moleculares. En Renteria A., M. (Ed 1), Ecologia molecular (541-566). Mexico.spa
dc.relation.referencesErjavec, M. S., Zgur-Bertok, D. (2011). Extended Characterization of Human Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Slovenia. Clinical Management of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection (Ed). pp. 1-294.spa
dc.relation.referencesEscher, M., Scavia, G., Morabito, S., Tozzoli, R., Maugliani, A., Cantoni, S., . . . Caprioli, A. (2014). A severe foodborne outbreak of diarrhoea linked to a canteen in Italy caused by enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, an uncommon agent. Epidemiol Infect, 142(12), 2559-2566.spa
dc.relation.referencesEvans, D. J., Evans, D. G. (1996). Escherichia Coli in Diarrheal Disease. Medical Microbiology. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; Chapter 25.spa
dc.relation.referencesFrank, C., Werber, D., Cramer, J. P., Askar, M., Faber, M., an der Heiden, M., . . . Team, H. U. S. I. (2011). Epidemic profile of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 outbreak in Germany. N Engl J Med, 365(19), 1771-1780.spa
dc.relation.referencesGault, G., Weill, F. X., Mariani-Kurkdjian, P., Jourdan-da Silva, N., King, L., Aldabe, B., . . . Rolland, P. (2011). Outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome and bloody diarrhoea due to Escherichia coli O104:H4, south-west France, June 2011. Euro Surveill, 16(26)spa
dc.relation.referencesGómez-Duarte, O.G. (2014). Enfermedad diarreica aguda por Escherichia coli enteropatógenas en Colombia. Rev Chilena Infectol, 31 (5), 577-586.spa
dc.relation.referencesGómez-Duarte, O.G., Arzuza, O., Urbina, D., Bai, J., Guerra, J., Montes, O., Puello, M., Mendoza, K., Castro, G.Y. (2010). Detection of Escherichia coli enteropathogens by multiplex polymerase chain reaction from children's diarrheal stools in two Caribbean–Colombian cities. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 7, 199–206.spa
dc.relation.referencesGómez-Duarte, O.G., Romero-Herazo, Y.C., Paez-Canro, J.H., Schmalbach, E., Arzuza, O. (2013). Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli associated with childhood diarrhoea in Colombia, South America. J Infect Dev Ctries. 7 (5): 372-381.spa
dc.relation.referencesGonzales, L., Sanchez, S., Zambrana, S., Iniguez, V., Wiklund, G., Svennerholm, A. M., & Sjoling, A. (2013). Molecular characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates recovered from children with diarrhea during a 4-year period (2007 to 2010) in Bolivia. J Clin Microbiol, 51(4), 1219-1225.spa
dc.relation.referencesGonzales-Siles, L., & Sjoling, A. (2016). The different ecological niches of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Environ Microbiol, 18(3), 741-751.spa
dc.relation.referencesGuerra, J. A., Romero-Herazo, Y. C., Arzuza, O., & Gomez-Duarte, O. G. (2014). Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli clinical isolates from northern Colombia, South America. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 236260.spa
dc.relation.referencesGuerrant, R. L., Kosek, M., Moore, S., Lorntz, B., Brantley, R., & Lima, A. A. (2002). Magnitude and impact of diarrheal diseases. Arch Med Res, 33(4), 351-355.spa
dc.relation.referencesLe Bouguenec, C., & Servin, A. L. (2006). Diffusely adherent Escherichia coli strains expressing Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC): hitherto unrecognized pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 256(2), 185-194.spa
dc.relation.referencesHannaoui Rodriguez, E. J., Villalobos, L. B., Martinez Nazaret, R- E. (2009). Escherichia coli shigatoxigénica: patogénesis, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Revista de la sociedad Venezolana de Microbiología. 29, 13-20.spa
dc.relation.referencesHenderson, I. R., Hicks, S., Navarro-Garcia, F., Elias, W. P., Philips, A. D., & Nataro, J. P. (1999). Involvement of the enteroaggregative Escherichia coli plasmid-encoded toxin in causing human intestinal damage. Infect Immun, 67(10), 5338-5344.spa
dc.relation.referencesHerbert, L. (2009). Bacterial diarrhea. N Engl J Med, 361, 1560-1569.spa
dc.relation.referencesHill, D. R., & Beeching, N. J. (2010). Travelers' diarrhea. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 23(5), 481-487.spa
dc.relation.referencesHuang, D. B., Mohanty, A., DuPont, H. L., Okhuysen, P. C., & Chiang, T. (2006). A review of an emerging enteric pathogen: enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol, 55 (Pt 10), 1303-1311.spa
dc.relation.referencesHuang, D. B., Nataro, J. P., DuPont, H. L., Kamat, P. P., Mhatre, A. D., Okhuysen, P. C., & Chiang, T. (2006). Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli is a cause of acute diarrheal illness: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis, 43(5), 556-563.spa
dc.relation.referencesHuerta-Cantillo., J. (2011). Inhibición del sistema de secrecion tipo III de Escherichia coli enteropatogena usando peptidos coiled-coil de EspA (Tesis Maestria). Instituto Politecnico Nacional. Mexico. Recuperado de http://www.repositoriodigital.ipn.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/8852/Tesis%20Jazm%C3%ADn%20Huerta%20Cantillo.pdf?sequence=1spa
dc.relation.referencesHussain, T. (2015). An introduction to the Serotypes, Pathotypes and Phylotypes of Escherichia coli. International Journal of Microbiology and Allied Sciences, 2(1); 9-16.spa
dc.relation.referencesInstituto de salud publica de Chile. (2012). Boletin labortaorio y vigilancia al dia No 10. Departamento de asuntos científicos. Recuperado de http://www.ispch.cl/sites/default/files/documento/2012/06/BOLETIN%2010.pdfspa
dc.relation.referencesInstituto Nacional de Salud. (2016). Dirección de vigilancia y análisis del riesgo de la salud pública. Boletín epidemiológico semanal No. 37.spa
dc.relation.referencesLevine, M. M., & Edelman, R. (1984). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli of classic serotypes associated with infant diarrhea: epidemiology and pathogenesis. Epidemiol Rev, 6, 31-51.spa
dc.relation.referencesIsidean, S. D., Riddle, M. S., Savarino, S. J., & Porter, C. K. (2011). A systematic review of ETEC epidemiology focusing on colonization factor and toxin expression. Vaccine, 29(37), 6167-6178.spa
dc.relation.referencesIzdebski, R., Baraniak, A., Fiett, J., Adler, A., Kazma, M., Salomon, J., . . . Groups, W. P. S. (2013). Clonal structure, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, and acquired AmpC-type cephalosporinases of Escherichia coli populations colonizing patients in rehabilitation centers in four countries. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 57(1), 309-316.spa
dc.relation.referencesJansson, L., Tobias, J., Lebens, M., Svennerholm, A. M., & Teneberg, S. (2006). The major subunit, CfaB, of colonization factor antigen i from enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli is a glycosphingolipid binding protein. Infect Immun, 74(6), 3488-3497.spa
dc.relation.referencesJerse, A. E., Yu, J., Tall, B. D., & Kaper, J. B. (1990). A genetic locus of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli necessary for the production of attaching and effacing lesions on tissue culture cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 87(20), 7839-7843.spa
dc.relation.referencesKaper, J. B., Nataro, J. P., & Mobley, H. L. (2004). Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2(2), 123-140.spa
dc.relation.referencesKnutton, S., Baldwin, T., Williams, P. H., & McNeish, A. S. (1989). Actin accumulation at sites of bacterial adhesion to tissue culture cells: basis of a new diagnostic test for enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Infect Immun, 57(4), 1290-1298.spa
dc.relation.referencesKnutton, S., Lloyd, D. R., & McNeish, A. S. (1987). Adhesion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to human intestinal enterocytes and cultured human intestinal mucosa. Infect Immun, 55(1), 69-77.spa
dc.relation.referencesKotloff, K. L., Nataro, J. P., Blackwelder, W. C., Nasrin, D., Farag, T. H., Panchalingam, S., . . . Levine, M. M. (2013). Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet, 382(9888), 209-222.spa
dc.relation.referencesKucharzik, T., Hudson, J. T., 3rd, Lugering, A., Abbas, J. A., Bettini, M., Lake, J. G., . . . Williams, I. R. (2005). Acute induction of human IL-8 production by intestinal epithelium triggers neutrophil infiltration without mucosal injury. Gut, 54(11), 1565-1572.spa
dc.relation.referencesLan, R., Alles, M. C., Donohoe, K., Martinez, M. B., & Reeves, P. R. (2004). Molecular evolutionary relationships of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. Infect Immun, 72(9), 5080-5088.spa
dc.relation.referencesLiu, L., Johnson, H. L., Cousens, S., Perin, J., Scott, S., Lawn, J. E., . . . Unicef. (2012). Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet, 379(9832), 2151-2161.spa
dc.relation.referencesMacDonald, E., Moller, K. E., Wester, A. L., Dahle, U. R., Hermansen, N. O., Jenum, P. A., . . . Vold, L. (2015). An outbreak of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection in Norway, 2012: a reminder to consider uncommon pathogens in outbreaks involving imported products. Epidemiol Infect, 143(3), 486-493.spa
dc.relation.referencesManrique-Abril, F.G., Tigne, D.B., Bello, S.E., Ospina, J.M. (2006). Agentes causantes de Diarrea en niños menores de 5 años en Tunja, Colombia. Rev. Salud publica. 8 (1). 88-97.spa
dc.relation.referencesMartinez-Medina, M., Naves, P., Blanco, J., Aldeguer, X., Blanco, J. E., Blanco, M., . . . Garcia-Gil, L. J. (2009). Biofilm formation as a novel phenotypic feature of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC). BMC Microbiol, 9, 202.spa
dc.relation.referencesMcDaniels, A. E., Rice, E. W., Reyes, A. L., Johnson, C. H., Haugland, R. A., & Stelma, G. N., Jr. (1996). Confirmational identification of Escherichia coli, a comparison of genotypic and phenotypic assays for glutamate decarboxylase and beta-D-glucuronidase. Appl Environ Microbiol, 62(9), 3350-3354.spa
dc.relation.referencesMichelacci, V., Prosseda, G., Maugliani, A., Tozzoli, R., Sanchez, S., Herrera-Leon, S., . . . Morabito, S. (2016). Characterization of an emergent clone of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli circulating in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect, 22(3), 287 e211-289.spa
dc.relation.referencesMohamed, J. A., Huang, D. B., Jiang, Z. D., DuPont, H. L., Nataro, J. P., Belkind-Gerson, J., & Okhuysen, P. C. (2007). Association of putative enteroaggregative Escherichia coli virulence genes and biofilm production in isolates from travelers to developing countries. J Clin Microbiol, 45(1), 121-126.spa
dc.relation.referencesMohamed, J. A., Huang, D. B., Jiang, Z. D., DuPont, H. L., Nataro, J. P., Belkind-Gerson, J., & Okhuysen, P. C. (2007). Association of putative enteroaggregative Escherichia coli virulence genes and biofilm production in isolates from travelers to developing countries. J Clin Microbiol, 45(1), 121-126.spa
dc.relation.referencesRomeu-Alvarez, B. (2012). Caracterización de cepas de Escherichia coli de importancia clínica humana aisladas de ecosistemas dulceacuícolas de la habana (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de la Habana. Habana. Recuperado de http://tesis.repo.sld.cu/625/1/Beatriz_Romeu_Alvarez.pdfspa
dc.relation.referencesNataro, J. P., & Kaper, J. B. (1998). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev, 11(1), 142-201.spa
dc.relation.referencesNataro, J. P., Deng, Y., Maneval, D. R., German, A. L., Martin, W. C., & Levine, M. M. (1992). Aggregative adherence fimbriae I of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli mediate adherence to HEp-2 cells and hemagglutination of human erythrocytes. Infect Immun, 60(6), 2297-2304.spa
dc.relation.referencesNataro, J. P., Kaper, J. B., Robins-Browne, R., Prado, V., Vial, P., & Levine, M. M. (1987). Patterns of adherence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 6(9), 829-831.spa
dc.relation.referencesNavarro-Garcia, F., & Elias, W. P. (2011). Autotransporters and virulence of enteroaggregative E. coli. Gut Microbes, 2(1), 13-24.spa
dc.relation.referencesNavarro-Garcia, F., Gutierrez-Jimenez, J., Garcia-Tovar, C., Castro, L. A., Salazar-Gonzalez, H., & Cordova, V. (2010). Pic, an autotransporter protein secreted by different pathogens in the Enterobacteriaceae family, is a potent mucus secretagogue. Infect Immun, 78(10), 4101-4109.spa
dc.relation.referencesNaves, P., del Prado, G., Huelves, L., Gracia, M., Ruiz, V., Blanco, J., . . . Soriano, F. (2008). Correlation between virulence factors and in vitro biofilm formation by Escherichia coli strains. Microb Pathog, 45(2), 86-91.spa
dc.relation.referencesOchoa, T. J., & Contreras, C. A. (2011). Enteropathogenic escherichia coli infection in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis, 24(5), 478-483.spa
dc.relation.referencesOrganización panamericana de la salud. (2011). Alerta epidemioógica. Sindrome Hemolitico urémico e infección por E. coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC).spa
dc.relation.referencesOrskov, I., Orskov, F., Jann, B., & Jann, K. (1977). Serology, chemistry, and genetics of O and K antigens of Escherichia coli. Bacteriol Rev, 41(3), 667-710.spa
dc.relation.referencesPanchalingam, S., Antonio, M., Hossain, A., Mandomando, I., Ochieng, B., Oundo, J., . . . Nataro, J. P. (2012). Diagnostic microbiologic methods in the GEMS-1 case/control study. Clin Infect Dis, 55 Suppl 4, S294-302.spa
dc.relation.referencesRoss, S. S., Tu, M. H., Falsetta, M. L., Ketterer, M. R., Kiedrowski, M. R., Horswill, A. R., Apicella, M. A., Reinhardt, J. M., Fiegel, J. (2014). Quantification of confocal images of biofilms grown on irregular surfaces. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 100; 111–120.spa
dc.relation.referencesPeirano, G., van der Bij, A. K., Gregson, D. B., & Pitout, J. D. (2012). Molecular epidemiology over an 11-year period (2000 to 2010) of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli causing bacteremia in a centralized Canadian region. J Clin Microbiol, 50(2), 294-299.spa
dc.relation.referencesPereira, A. L., Silva, T. N., Gomes, A. C., Araujo, A. C., & Giugliano, L. G. (2010). Diarrhea-associated biofilm formed by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and aggregative Citrobacter freundii: a consortium mediated by putative F pili. BMC Microbiol, 10, 57.spa
dc.relation.referencesPérez, C., Gómez-Duarte, O.G., Arias, M. L. (2010). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Children from Costa Rica. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83(2), 292–297.spa
dc.relation.referencesPierard, D., De Greve, H., Haesebrouck, F., & Mainil, J. (2012). O157:H7 and O104:H4 Vero/Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli outbreaks: respective role of cattle and humans. Vet Res, 43, 13.spa
dc.relation.referencesPrager, R., Lang, C., Aurass, P., Fruth, A., Tietze, E., & Flieger, A. (2014). Two novel EHEC/EAEC hybrid strains isolated from human infections. PLoS One, 9(4), e95379.spa
dc.relation.referencesQadri, F., Svennerholm, A. M., Faruque, A. S., & Sack, R. B. (2005). Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in developing countries: epidemiology, microbiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention. Clin Microbiol Rev, 18(3), 465-483.spa
dc.relation.referencesRivas, M., Miliwebsky, E., Chinen, I., Deza, N., & Leotta, G. A. (2006). [The epidemiology of hemolytic uremic syndrome in Argentina. Diagnosis of the etiologic agent, reservoirs and routes of transmission]. Medicina (B Aires), 66 Suppl 3, 27-32.spa
dc.rightsDerechos Reservados - Universidad de Santander, 2016spa
dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.creativecommonsAtribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)spa
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/spa
dc.subject.proposalDiarreaspa
dc.subject.proposalEscherichia colispa
dc.subject.proposalPatotiposspa
dc.subject.proposalEmergentesspa
dc.subject.proposalColombiaspa
dc.titleCaracterización genotípica y fenotípica de cepas emergentes de Escherichia coli aisladas de niños con diarrea en Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana, Colombia.spa
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestríaspa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdccspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisspa
dc.type.redcolhttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionspa
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85spa
Archivos
Paquete original
Mostrando 1 - 1 de 1
Imagen en miniatura
Nombre:
Caracterización genotípica y fenotípica de cepas emergentes de Escherichia coli aisladas de niños con diarrea en Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana, Colombia..pdf
Tamaño:
4.35 MB
Formato:
Adobe Portable Document Format
Descripción:
Documento Principal
Descargar
Paquete de licencias
Mostrando 1 - 1 de 1
No hay miniatura disponible
Nombre:
license.txt
Tamaño:
59 B
Formato:
Item-specific license agreed upon to submission
Descripción:
Descargar
Colecciones
ACKA. Trabajos de grado